<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferhati Hichem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djeffal Fayçal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graded band-gap engineering for increased efficiency in CZTS solar cells, ISSN / e-ISSN 0925-3467 / 1873-1252</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Materials</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925346718300077</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume 76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp 393-399</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper, we propose a potential high efficiency &lt;em&gt;Cu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;2&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;ZnSn(S,Se)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;4&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;/&lt;em&gt;CdS&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;CZTS&lt;/em&gt;) solar cell design based on graded band-gap engineering that can offer the benefits of improved absorption behavior and reduced recombination effects. Moreover, a new hybrid approach based on analytical modeling and Particle Swarm Optimization (&lt;em&gt;PSO&lt;/em&gt;) is proposed to determinate the optimal band-gap profile of the amended &lt;em&gt;CZTS&lt;/em&gt; absorber layer to achieve further efficiency enhancement. It is found that the proposed design exhibits superior performance, where a high efficiency of &lt;em&gt;16.9%&lt;/em&gt; is recorded for the optimized solar cell with a relative improvement of &lt;em&gt;92%&lt;/em&gt;, compared with the reference cell efficiency of 8.8%. Likewise, the optimized &lt;em&gt;CZTS&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt; solar cell with a graded band-gap enables achieving a higher &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/open-circuit-voltage&quot; title=&quot;Learn more about Open Circuit Voltage from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages&quot;&gt;open circuit voltage&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;889&amp;nbsp;mV&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/short-circuits&quot; title=&quot;Learn more about Short Circuits from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages&quot;&gt;short-circuit&lt;/a&gt; current of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;28.5&amp;nbsp;mA&lt;/em&gt; and a fill factor of &lt;em&gt;66%&lt;/em&gt;. Therefore, the optimized &lt;em&gt;CZTS&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;-based solar cell with graded-band gap paradigm pinpoints a new path toward recording high-efficiency &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/thin-films&quot; title=&quot;Learn more about Thin Films from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages&quot;&gt;thin-film&lt;/a&gt; solar cells through enhancing carrier collection and reducing the recombination rate.&lt;/span&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>