@article {7687,
	title = {2DF-IDS: Decentralized and differentially private federated learning-based intrusion detection system for industrial IoT},
	journal = {Computers \& Security},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {
	Advanced technologies, such as the\&nbsp;Internet of Things\&nbsp;(IoT) and\&nbsp;Artificial Intelligence\&nbsp;(AI), underpin many of the innovations in\&nbsp;Industry 4.0. However, the\&nbsp;interconnectivity\&nbsp;and open nature of such systems in smart industrial facilities can also be targeted and abused by\&nbsp;malicious actors, which reinforces the importance of cyber security. In this paper, we present a secure, decentralized, and Differentially Private (DP)\&nbsp;Federated Learning\&nbsp;(FL)-based\&nbsp;IDS\&nbsp;(2DF-IDS), for securing smart industrial facilities. The proposed 2DF-IDS comprises three\&nbsp;building blocks, namely: a\&nbsp;key exchange protocol\&nbsp;(for securing the communicated weights among all peers in the system), a differentially private gradient exchange scheme (achieve improved privacy of the FL approach), and a decentralized FL approach (that mitigates the single point of failure/attack risk associated with the aggregation server in the conventional FL approach). We evaluate our proposed system through detailed experiments using a real-world IoT/IIoT dataset, and the results show that the proposed 2DF-IDS system can identify different types of\&nbsp;cyber attacks\&nbsp;in an Industrial IoT system with high performance. For instance, the proposed system achieves comparable performance (94.37\%) with the centralized learning approach (94.37\%) and outperforms the FL-based approach (93.91\%) in terms of accuracy. The proposed system is also shown to improve the overall performance by 12\%, 13\%, and 9\% in terms of F1-score, recall, and precision, respectively, under strict privacy settings when compared to other competing FL-based\&nbsp;IDS\&nbsp;solutions.

},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016740482300007X},
	author = {Othmane, Friha and Ferrag, Mohamed-Amine and Mohamed Benbouzid and Berghout, Tarek and Burak, Kantarci and Kim-Kwang, Raymond-Choo}
}
